{"id":785,"date":"2018-03-08T13:57:23","date_gmt":"2018-03-08T05:57:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mrtblog.cn\/?p=785"},"modified":"2023-03-10T21:40:38","modified_gmt":"2023-03-10T13:40:38","slug":"cprimer%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e8%ae%b0%e5%bd%95","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.mrtblog.cn\/?p=785","title":{"rendered":"C++Primer\u5b66\u4e60\u8bb0\u5f55\u2014\u2014\u3010\u622a\u81f3\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0 \u52a8\u6001\u5185\u5b58\u3011"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/span> 1,454<\/span> Views<\/span><\/div>

\u91cd\u6e29C++\uff0c\u4ece\u7ecf\u5178\u4f5c\u5f00\u59cb\u770b\u8d77\uff0c\u8bb0\u5f55\u81ea\u5df1\u9047\u5230\u7684\u65b0\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u53ef\u80fd\u72af\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n

\n

1.1\u5b57\u8282\u4e3a8bit\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u7684\u5b57\u75314\u62168\u5b57\u8282\u6784\u6210
\n2.\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u7c7b\u578b\u662fchar\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2achar\u5360\u75281\u5b57\u8282\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4
\n3.float\u5360\u75281\u4e2a\u5b57\uff0c\u6709\u6548\u4f4d\u6570\u4e3a7\u4f4d\uff1bdouble\u53602\u4e2a\u5b57\uff0c\u6709\u6548\u4f4d\u6570\u4e3a16\u4f4d
\n4.16\u8fdb\u5236\u6807\u8bc6\uff1a0x\u62160X\uff0c8\u8fdb\u5236\u6807\u8bc6\uff1a0\uff0c\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u6807\u8bc6\uff1aE\u6216e
\n5.\u5b9a\u4e49\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cfA\u540e\uff0c\u53c8\u5728\u5c40\u90e8\u5b9a\u4e49A\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528A\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u662f\u5c40\u90e8A\uff0c\u60f3\u8c03\u7528\u5168\u5c40A\u9700\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a\uff1aA
\n6.extern\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e4b\u95f4\u5171\u4eab\u53d8\u91cf\u540d\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u58f0\u660e\u3002\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u90e8\u58f0\u660e
\n7.\u5f15\u7528\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u521d\u59cb\u5316\uff0c\u6307\u9488\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u3002\u5f15\u7528\u4e00\u65e6\u5efa\u7acb\u4e0d\u80fd\u66f4\u6539\u7ed1\u5b9a\uff0c\u6307\u9488\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u6539\u4f46\u662f\u66f4\u6539\u65f6\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u52a0*\u3002\u5f15\u7528\u548c\u6307\u9488\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u548c\u539f\u53d8\u91cf\u76f8\u540c
\n8.const\u653e\u5728*\u524d\u9762\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u6307\u5411\u5e38\u91cf\u7684\u6307\u9488\uff0cconst\u653e\u5728*\u540e\u9762\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u5e38\u91cf\u6307\u9488\u3002\u5982:<\/p>\n

int i=42;\nconst int *p1=&i;\/\/\u6307\u5411\u5e38\u91cf\u7684\u6307\u9488\nint *const p2=&i;\/\/\u5e38\u91cf\u6307\u9488\nconst int *const p3=&i;\/\/\u6307\u5411\u5e38\u91cf\u7684\u5e38\u6307\u9488<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u6307\u5411\u5e38\u91cf\u7684\u6307\u9488\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u521d\u59cb\u5316\uff0c\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u6539\u6307\u5411\u7684\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u6307\u5411\u7684\u503c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u6b64\u6307\u9488\u66f4\u6539\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u4fee\u6539\uff1b
\n\u5e38\u91cf\u6307\u9488\u5fc5\u987b\u521d\u59cb\u5316\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u66f4\u6539\u6307\u5411\u7684\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u6307\u5411\u7684\u503c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6b64\u6307\u9488\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u4fee\u6539\uff1b
\n\u6307\u5411\u5e38\u91cf\u7684\u5e38\u6307\u9488\u5fc5\u987b\u521d\u59cb\u5316\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u66f4\u6539\u6307\u5411\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u6b64\u6307\u9488\u66f4\u6539\u503c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u4fee\u6539\u6307\u5411\u503c\uff1b<\/p>\n
int i=1,j=2;\nconst int *p1;\/\/\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u521d\u59cb\u5316\np1=&i;p1=&j;\/\/\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u6539\u7ed1\u5b9a\n\/\/*p1=3;\/\/\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u4fee\u6539\nj=4;\/\/\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u4fee\u6539\u539f\u503c\nint *const p2=&i;\/\/\u5fc5\u987b\u521d\u59cb\u5316\n\/\/p2=&j;\/\/\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u6539\u7ed1\u5b9a\n*p2=6;\/\/\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u4fee\u6539<\/code><\/pre>\n
9.\u9876\u5c42const\uff1a\u6307\u9488\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4e2a\u5e38\u91cf\uff08\u5e38\u91cf\u6307\u9488\uff09\uff1b\u5e95\u5c42const\uff1a\u6307\u9488\u6307\u5411\u7684\u503c\u662f\u5e38\u91cf\uff08\u6307\u5411\u5e38\u91cf\u7684\u6307\u9488\uff09\u3002\u6267\u884c\u62f7\u8d1d\u64cd\u4f5c\u65f6\uff0c\u82e5A\u662f\u5e95\u5c42const\uff0c\u5219\u62f7\u8d1d\u7684B\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u5e95\u5c42const\u3002
\n10.constexpr\u53ef\u68c0\u6d4b\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u503c\u662f\u5426\u662f\u5e38\u91cf\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u82e5\u4e0d\u662f\u5219\u4f1a\u7f16\u8bd1\u62a5\u9519\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6765\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u65f6\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u5c06\u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e\u4e3aconstexpr\u5219\u4e0d\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef\uff08\u6b64\u51fd\u6570\u5fc5\u987b\u8db3\u591f\u7b80\u5355\uff09
\n11.constexpr\u6307\u9488\u53ea\u80fd\u6307\u5411nullptr\u62160\u6216\u56fa\u5b9a\u5730\u5740\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0cconstexpr\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u6307\u9488\u5fc5\u5b9a\u662f\u5e38\u91cf\u6307\u9488
\n12.\u522b\u540d\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709typedef\u548cusing\uff0c\u5982<\/p>\n
typedef int myint;using mydouble=double;<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u521b\u5efa\u522b\u540d\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u9488\u3002\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u539f\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u5e26\u5165\u522b\u540d\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5f97\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u7406\u89e3\u51fa\u73b0\u95ee\u9898\uff1b<\/p>\n
typedef char *pstring;\nconst pstring cstr=0;\/\/\u5e38\u91cf\u6307\u9488\nconst char *cstr2=0;\/\/\u6307\u5411\u5e38\u91cf\u7684\u6307\u9488<\/code><\/pre>\n
13.auto\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u7531\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u52a8\u5224\u65ad\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u540c\u65f6\u5b9a\u4e49\u591a\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u65f6\uff0c\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u5fc5\u987b\u4e00\u81f4\uff0cauto\u4f1a\u5ffd\u7565\u9876\u5c42const
\n14.decltype(expression)\u7528\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684expression\u7c7b\u578b\u5b9a\u4e49\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u82e5decltype\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u662f\u53d8\u91cf\u5219decltype\u8fd4\u56de\u8be5\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u662f\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5219\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3a\u5f15\u7528\uff1b\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5982\u679c\u662f\u52a0\u4e86\u62ec\u53f7\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u65e0\u8bba\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u5f15\u7528\uff1b\u5305\u542b\u8d4b\u503c\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u5305\u542b\u5de6\u503c\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u7c7b\u578b<\/p>\n
int i=42,*p=&i,&r=i;\nint j=0;\ndecltype((i)) c=i;\/\/c\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3aint&\ndecltype(i) d=i;\/\/d\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3aint\ndecltype(*p) e=&i;\/\/e\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3aint&\ndecltype(i=j) f=i;\/\/f\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3aint&<\/code><\/pre>\n
15.\u4f7f\u7528cin>>str\u83b7\u53d6string\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8f93\u5165\uff0c\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u5ffd\u7565\u5f00\u5934\u548c\u7ed3\u5c3e\u7684\u7a7a\u683c\u548c\u5236\u8868\u7b26\u7b49\u3002\u4f7f\u7528getline(cin,str)\u5219\u4f1a\u4fdd\u7559\u4e00\u884c\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u76f4\u5230\u83b7\u53d6\u5230\u56de\u8f66\u7b26
\n16.string\u548c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5b57\u9762\u503c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u6267\u884c\u52a0\u6cd5\u65f6\u8981\u6c42\u4e24\u8fb9\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e00\u8fb9\u4e3astring\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u5373<\/p>\n
\u201ca\u201d+str+\u201db\u201d;\/\/\u6b63\u786e\n\u201ca\u201d+\u201db\u201d+str;\/\/\u9519\u8bef<\/code><\/pre>\n
17.vector\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u82b1\u62ec\u53f7\u548c\u5706\u62ec\u53f7\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5706\u62ec\u53f7\u5bf9\u5e94\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u82b1\u62ec\u53f7\u5bf9\u5e94\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5217\u8868<\/p>\n
vector<int> v1(10);\/\/v1\u670910\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u503c\u90fd\u662f0\nvector<int> v2{10};\/\/v2\u67091\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u503c\u662f10\nvector<int> v3(10,1);\/\/v1\u670910\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u503c\u90fd\u662f1\nvector<int> v4{10,1};\/\/v1\u67092\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u503c\u662f10\u548c1<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u4f46\u662f\u5f53\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u6765\u5217\u8868\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u60c5\u51b5\u53c8\u6709\u4e0d\u540c<\/p>\n
vector<string> v5(\u201chi\u201d);\/\/\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e48\u6784\u5efav5\uff01\nvector<string> v6{\u201chi\u201d};\/\/v6\u67091\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u503c\u662f\u201dhi\u201d\nvector<string> v7(10);\/\/v7\u670910\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u503c\u90fd\u662fstring\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\nvector<string> v8{10,\u201chi\u201d};\/\/v8\u670910\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u503c\u90fd\u662f\u201dhi\u201d<\/code><\/pre>\n
18.\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u904d\u5386\u5bb9\u5668\uff0c\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3aiterator\u548cconst_iterator\u6216\u8005\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528auto\u5b9a\u4e49\u53d8\u91cf\u3002const_iterator\u53ea\u652f\u6301\u8bfb\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0citerator\u53ef\u8bfb\u53ef\u5199\u3002\u82e5\u5bb9\u5668\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e5f\u662f\u5e38\u91cf
\n\uff0c\u5219\u53ea\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528const_iterator
\n19.\u5728vector\u5bb9\u5668\u91cc\uff0c\u60f3\u4f7f\u7528const_iterator\u4f46\u53c8\u7528auto\u81ea\u52a8\u83b7\u53d6\u7c7b\u578b\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u7528cbegin()\u548c
\ncend()\u65b9\u6cd5\u53d6\u4ee3begin()\u548cend()
\n20.\u5b9a\u4e49\u6307\u9488\u548c\u5f15\u7528\u7ed1\u5b9a\u6570\u7ec4\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u58f0\u660e\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6<\/p>\n
int arr[10];\nint (*p)[10]=&arr;\nint (&q)[10]=arr;<\/code><\/pre>\n
21.\u5728\u5f15\u5165\u5934\u6587\u4ef6iterator\u540e\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528begin()\uff0cend()\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u522b\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u8fed\u4ee3\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u9996\u5740\u548c\u5c3e\u5740\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u76f8\u51cf\u53ef\u5f97\u5143\u7d20\u4e2a\u6570
\n22.C\u98ce\u683c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u672b\u5c3e\u5747\u4ee5\\0\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570strcmp\uff0c\u82e5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u672b\u5c3e\u4e0d\u542b\\0\u5c06\u51fa\u73b0\u4e25\u91cd\u9519\u8bef\uff0cC\u98ce\u683c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3achar[]\uff0cC++\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528string\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5411\u4e0b\u517c\u5bb9\uff0cstring\u63d0\u4f9bc_str()\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c06\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3aC\u98ce\u683c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32
\n23.\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u7ec4\u521d\u59cb\u5316vector<\/p>\n
int arr[]={1,2,3,4,5};\nvector<int> ivec(begin(arr),end(arr));\/\/\u5168\u90e8\u62f7\u8d1d\nvector<int> ivec2(arr+1,arr+3);\/\/\u62f7\u8d1d\u7b2c2~4\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20<\/code><\/pre>\n
24.\u8303\u56f4for\u904d\u5386\u4e8c\u7ef4\u6570\u7ec4\u65f6\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c42\u904d\u5386\u8981\u6dfb\u52a0\u5f15\u7528\u3002\u5426\u5219\u4f7f\u7528auto\u83b7\u53d6\u4e00\u7ef4\u7d22\u5f15\u65f6\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5224\u65ad\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3a\u6307\u9488\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5c06\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2afor\u4e2d\u904d\u5386<\/p>\n
for(const auto &row:arr)\n    for(auto col:row)\n        cout<<col<<endl;<\/code><\/pre>\n
25.\u5de6\u503c\u4e0e\u53f3\u503c\uff1a\u8d4b\u503c\u8fd0\u7b97\u4ea7\u751f\u5de6\u503c\uff1b\u53d6\u5730\u5740\u4ea7\u751f\u53f3\u503c\uff1b\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u8fd0\u7b97\u3001\u4e0b\u6807\u8fd0\u7b97\u4ea7\u751f\u5de6\u503c\uff1b\u5185\u7f6e\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u7684\u9012\u589e\u9012\u51cf\u8fd0\u7b97\u4ea7\u751f\u5de6\u503c\u3002\u4f7f\u7528decltype\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u5de6\u503c\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5f97\u5230\u5f15\u7528
\n26.\u53d6\u4f59\u64cd\u4f5c\u4f1a\u6839\u636e\u7b26\u53f7\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5982m%(-n)=m%n;(-m)%n=-(m%n);
\n27.\u9012\u589e\u9012\u51cf\u8bed\u53e5\u5206\u524d\u7f6e\u548c\u540e\u7f6e\u7248\u672c(++a,a++,–a,a–)\u3002\u5728C++\u4e2d\uff0c\u540e\u7f6e\u7248\u672c\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u539f\u59cb\u503c\u5b58\u50a8\u4e0b\u6765\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8fd4\u56de\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672a\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u6539\u524d\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u64cd\u4f5c\u662f\u5bf9\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u6d6a\u8d39\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5982\u679c\u975e\u5fc5\u987b\uff0c\u63a8\u8350\u4f7f\u7528\u524d\u7f6e\u7248\u672c\u3002
\n28.\u4f7f\u7528sizeof\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8c61\u6c42\u5360\u7528\u7a7a\u95f4\uff1a
\n(1)\u5bf9\u6307\u9488\u6267\u884csizeof\u8fd0\u7b97\u5f97\u5230\u6307\u9488\u672c\u8eab\u6240\u5360\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u5927\u5c0f
\n(2)\u5bf9\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u6307\u9488\u6267\u884csizeof\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u6307\u9488\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u7a7a\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u59cb\u7ec8\u4e3a\u6307\u9488\u672c\u8eab\u5360\u7528\u7a7a\u95f4\u5927\u5c0f\uff08\u4e00\u822c32\u4f4d\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e3a4\u5b57\u8282\uff0c64\u4f4d8\u5b57\u8282\uff09
\n(3)\u5bf9\u6570\u7ec4\u6267\u884csizeof\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a\u6574\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4\u5360\u7528\u7a7a\u95f4\u5927\u5c0f
\n(4)\u5bf9\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u6216\u7c7b\u6267\u884csizeof\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u3001\u7c7b\u7684\u5360\u7528\u7a7a\u95f4\u6700\u5927\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6574\u6570\u500d\uff0c\u5373\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u542b\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u6210\u5458short a;int b;char c;\u5360\u7528\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e3a12\u5b57\u8282
\n(5)\u7279\u522b\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u628a\u6570\u7ec4\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u5165\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u6570\u7ec4\u4f1a\u88ab\u9000\u5316\u4e3a\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u5bf9\u6570\u7ec4\u6c42sizeof\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0e\uff081\uff09\u76f8\u540c<\/p>\n
#include<iostream>\nusing namespace std;\nint testSizeofArr(int arr[]);\nint main() {\n    int x[3] = {1,2,3};\n    int *p = x;\n    cout<<sizeof(x)<<" "<<sizeof(*x)<<endl;\n    cout<<sizeof(p)<<" "<<sizeof(*p)<<endl;\n    testsizeofarr(x)\n    return 0\n}\nint testsizeofarr(int arr[]) {\n    cout<<sizeof(arr)<<endl\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n
29.
\n\u663e\u5f0f\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362cast-name<type>(expression)\uff0ctype\u4e3a\u8f6c\u6362\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u7c7b\u578b\uff0cexpression\u662f\u8f6c\u6362\u7684\u503c\uff0ccast-name\u662fstatic_cast\u3001dynamic_cast\u3001const_cast\u548creinterpret_cast\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u3002static_const\u53ef\u8fdb\u884c\u4efb\u610f\u4e0d\u542b\u6709\u5e95\u5c42const\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff0cconst_cast\u53ea\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u8fd0\u7b97\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5e95\u5c42const,reinterpret_cast\u4e3a\u8fd0\u7b97\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4f4d\u6a21\u5f0f\u63d0\u4f9b\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u91ca\uff0creinterpret_cast\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u975e\u5e38\u5371\u9669\uff01\u3002<\/p>\n
double a=1.3;\nint a2=static_cast<int>(a);\/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5c06\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7ed9\u51fa\u7cbe\u5ea6\u4e22\u5931\u7684\u8b66\u544a\nconst char b=\u20191\u2019;\nchar *p=const_cast<char*>(&b);\n\/\/*p='2';\/\/\u867d\u7136p\u4e0d\u662f\u5e38\u91cf\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4f9d\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528p\u4fee\u6539b\u7684\u503c\nint c=55;\nint *ip=&c;\nchar *pc=reinterpret_cast<char*>(ip);\n\/\/\u867d\u7136pc\u662f\u4e00\u4e2achar*\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5374\u6307\u5411int\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f53\u505achar*\u4f7f\u7528<\/code><\/pre>\n
30.switch\u8bed\u53e5\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2acase\u540e\u6dfb\u52a0break\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2acase\u5224\u65ad\u6210\u529f\u540e\uff0c\u5176\u540e\u7684case\u90fd\u4f1a\u4e0d\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5224\u65ad\u81ea\u52a8\u6267\u884c\u4ee3\u7801;
\n31.switch\u8bed\u53e5\u5728\u4e00\u4e2acase\u4e2d\u58f0\u660e\u53d8\u91cf\uff08\u53ea\u58f0\u660e\uff0c\u4e0d\u521d\u59cb\u5316\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e2acase\u88ab\u8df3\u8fc7\uff0c\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2acase\u4f9d\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u7279\u6027\uff08\u5728\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\u524d\u9884\u5148\u4e3a\u53d8\u91cf\u7533\u8bf7\u7a7a\u95f4\uff09<\/p>\n
bool ch=false;\nswitch(ch){\n    case true:\n        \/\/string file_name;\/\/\u9519\u8bef\u5b9a\u4e49\n        \/\/int ival = 0;\/\/\u9519\u8bef\u5b9a\u4e49\n        int jval;\/\/\u6b63\u786e\u5b9a\u4e49\n        break;\n    case false:\n        jval=1;\/\/\u53ef\u5bf9jval\u8d4b\u503c\n        \/\/if(file_name.empty())\/\/\u4e0d\u53ef\u5bf9file_name\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u6b63\u786e\u58f0\u660e\n        \/\/continue;\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n
32.C++\u4e2d\uff0ctry catch\u4e0d\u80fd\u6355\u83b7\u96640\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u96640\u884c\u4e3a\u5c06\u76f4\u63a5\u9020\u6210\u7a0b\u5e8f\u9519\u8bef\u800c\u88ab\u7ec8\u6b62
\n33.\u51fd\u6570\u4f20\u5165\u7684\u5f62\u53c2\u548c\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u90e8\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u5747\u4e3a\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\u6267\u884c\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u4f1a\u88ab\u81ea\u52a8\u9500\u6bc1\uff0c\u60f3\u8981\u5ef6\u957f\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u53ef\u5c06\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u5b9a\u4e49\u6210static\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5c40\u90e8\u9759\u6001\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u76f4\u5230\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ec8\u6b62\u65f6\u624d\u4f1a\u88ab\u9500\u6bc1\u3002
\n34.\u4f7f\u7528\u5f15\u7528\u907f\u514d\u62f7\u8d1d\uff1a\u62f7\u8d1d\u5927\u7684\u7c7b\u7c7b\u578b\u5bf9\u8c61\u6216\u5bb9\u5668\u65f6\u6bd4\u8f83\u4f4e\u6548\uff08\u5982\u7279\u522b\u957f\u7684string\u7c7b\u578b\uff09\uff0c\u82e5\u5bf9\u4f20\u53c2\u4e0d\u505a\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u5c06\u4f20\u53c2\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a\u5e38\u91cf\u5f15\u7528\u80fd\u63d0\u9ad8\u6548\u7387\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5c3d\u91cf\u4f7f\u7528\u5e38\u91cf\u5f15\u7528\u4f1a\u907f\u514d\u8bf8\u591a\u610f\u5916\u7684\u9519\u8bef\uff08\u5982\u5e38\u91cf\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4f46\u5f62\u53c2\u662f\u666e\u901a\u5f15\u7528\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef\uff09\u3002
\n35.main\u51fd\u6570\u5f62\u53c2(int argc,char **argv)\uff0c\u6ce8\u610fargv\u5728\u63a5\u53d7\u8f93\u5165\u53c2\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0b\u68071\u5f00\u59cb\u5b58\u50a8\uff0c0\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u662f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u540d\u5b57
\n36.initializer_list\u5904\u7406\u51fd\u6570\u5b9e\u53c2\u6570\u91cf\u672a\u77e5\u4f46\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u53c2\u7c7b\u578b\u90fd\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4f20\u9012\u7684\u591a\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u5fc5\u987b\u653e\u5728\u82b1\u62ec\u53f7{}\u5185<\/p>\n
int error_msg(initializer_list<string> il){\n    for(auto beg=il.begin();beg!=il.end();++beg) {\n        cout<<*beg<<" ";\n    }\n    cout<<endl;\n    return 0\n}\nint main(int argc,char **argv){\n    error_msg({"a","b","c"});<\/code><\/pre>\n
37.\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u4e3a\u5f15\u7528\u7c7b\u578b\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u67d0\u4e00\u503c\u7684\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u62f7\u8d1d\u3002\u8981\u6c42\u8be5\u503c\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u5c40\u90e8\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u6216\u6307\u9488
\n38.\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fd4\u56de\u6570\u7ec4\u6307\u9488\uff1a<\/p>\n
#include<iostream>\nusing namespace std;\nusing string2=string[3];\nstring odd[]={"1","3","5"};\nstring(* test())[3]{\/\/\u666e\u901a\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\n    return &odd;\n}\nstring2 *test2(){\/\/\u522b\u540d\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\n    return &odd;\n}\nauto test3() -> string(*)[3]{\/\/\u5c3e\u7f6e\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\n    return &odd;\n}\ndecltype(odd) *test4(){\/\/decltype\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\n    return &odd;\n}\nint main(int argc,char **argv){\n    string (*s)[3]=test();\n    for(auto *i=begin(*s);i!=end(*s);++i)\n        cout<<*i<<" ";\n    return 0;\n} <\/code><\/pre>\n
39.\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5f62\u53c2\u62e5\u6709\u9876\u5c42const\u65f6\u4e0e\u4e0d\u542b\u9876\u5c42const\u76f8\u540c\uff08\u4e0d\u53ef\u91cd\u8f7d\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5f62\u53c2\u4e3aconst\u5f15\u7528\u6216const\u6307\u9488\u65f6\u548c\u539f\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u540c\uff08\u53ef\u91cd\u8f7d\uff09\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7const_cast\u548c\u91cd\u8f7d\u51fd\u6570\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u975e\u5e38\u5f15\u7528\uff08\u4f46\u6211\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u660e\u767d\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u4e49…\uff09<\/p>\n
const string & shortString(const string &s1,const string &s2) {\n    cout<<"1"<<endl;\n    return s1.size() < s2.size() ? s1 : s2;\n}\nstring & shortstring(string &s1,string &s2){\n    cout<<"2"<<endl;\n    auto &r = shortString(const_cast<const string&>(s1), const_cast<const string&>(s2));\n    return const_cast<string&>(r);\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n
40.\u53ea\u6709\u5355\u4e00\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u51fd\u6570int test(int a,double b),\u8c03\u7528test(1,1)\u540e\u4e00\u98791\u4f1a\u88ab\u5f3a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3adouble\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u91cd\u8f7d\u51fd\u6570double test(double a,int b)\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u4e8c\u4e49\u6027\uff0ctest(1,1)\u65e0\u6cd5\u5339\u914d\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef\u3002
\n41.C++\u8bbe\u7f6e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5b9e\u53c2\u65f6\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u7701\u7565\u5c3e\u90e8\u7684\u5b9e\u53c2
\n42.\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e3a\u5728\u666e\u901a\u51fd\u6570\u524d\u6dfb\u52a0inline\uff0c\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570\u80fd\u591f\u51cf\u5c11\u51fd\u6570\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u5f00\u9500\u3002\u8be5\u673a\u5236\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4f18\u5316\u89c4\u6a21\u8f83\u5c0f\u3001\u6d41\u7a0b\u76f4\u63a5\u3001\u9891\u7e41\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u90fd\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570
\n43.assert(expr)\uff0cexpr\u4e3a\u771f\u5219\u7ee7\u7eed\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u7ec8\u6b62\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5e76\u8f93\u51fa\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\uff0cassert\u7528\u4e8e\u8c03\u8bd5\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u503c\u3002\u4f46\u662fassert\u975e\u5e38\u5360\u7528\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u5728\u8c03\u8bd5\u7a0b\u5e8f\u65e0\u8bef\u540e\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528#define NDEBUG\u53d6\u6d88\u6240\u6709assert\u7684\u6267\u884c
\n44.\u51e0\u4e2a\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\uff1a
\n(1)__func__\u5f53\u524d\u8c03\u8bd5\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u540d
\n(2)__FILE__\u5b58\u653e\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5b57\u9762\u503c
\n(3)__LINE__\u5b58\u653e\u5f53\u524d\u884c\u53f7\u7684\u6574\u5f62\u5b57\u9762\u503c
\n(4)__TIME__\u5b58\u653e\u6587\u4ef6\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5b57\u9762\u503c
\n(5)__DATE__\u5b58\u653e\u6587\u4ef6\u7f16\u8bd1\u65e5\u671f\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5b57\u9762\u503c
\n45.\u6307\u9488\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u540e\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u9488\u66ff\u6362\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u518d\u58f0\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u4e3a\u6307\u9488\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u6548\u679c\u4e0e\u539f\u51fd\u6570\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\u65e0\u9700\u63d0\u524d\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u6307\u9488<\/p>\n
bool lengthCompare(const string &A,const string &B){\n    return A.size() < b.size();\n}\nbool (*pf)(const string &,const &);\nint main(int argc,char **argv) {\n    pf = lengthCompare;\n    b1 = pf("A","BB");\n    b2 = (*pf)("A","BB");\n    b3 = lengthCompare("A","BB");\n    return 0;\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u8fd9\u79cd\u58f0\u660e\u65b9\u6cd5\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u5f88\u9ebb\u70e6\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528typedef\u548cdecltype\u7b80\u5316\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a<\/p>\n
typedef decltype(lengthCompare) *pf;<\/code><\/pre>\n
46.\u7c7b\u4e2d\u9690\u85cf\u7684this\u6307\u9488\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6307\u5411\u7c7b\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u975e\u5e38\u91cf\u7248\u672c\u7684\u5e38\u91cf\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u628athis\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u5e38\u91cf\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u91cf\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0a\u8c03\u7528\u666e\u901a\u7684\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u540e\u6dfb\u52a0const\uff0c\u53ef\u4fee\u6539\u9690\u5f0fthis\u7684\u7c7b\u578b<\/p>\n
string isbn() const(return this->bookNo;}<\/code><\/pre>\n
47.\u5982\u679c\u7c7b\u5185\u4e0d\u542b\u4efb\u4f55\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5219\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u529f\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6\u5728\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u540e\u4f7f\u7528 =default\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u5728\u7c7b\u5185\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u5185\u8054\u7684\uff0c\u7c7b\u5916\u5219\u4e0d\u662f\u5185\u8054\u7684\u3002
\n48.\u7c7b\u5916\u51fd\u6570\u8bbf\u95ee\u7c7b\u5185\u79c1\u6709\u6210\u5458\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e3a\uff1a\u5c06\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u5728\u7c7b\u5185\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u53cb\u5143\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5982<\/p>\n
friend int print(Person &p);<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u53cb\u5143\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u53d7private\u7b49\u63a7\u5236\u8bbf\u95ee\u6743\u9650\u7684\u5f71\u54cd
\n\u53cb\u5143\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4f20\u9012\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u7c7bA\u662f\u7c7bB\u7684\u53cb\u5143\u7c7b\uff0c\u7c7bC\u662f\u7c7bA\u7684\u53cb\u5143\u7c7b\uff0c\u5219\u7c7bC\u4e0d\u662f\u7c7bB\u7684\u53cb\u5143\u7c7b
\n\u7c7b\u5916\u7684\u53cb\u5143\u51fd\u6570\u5728\u7c7b\u5185\u88ab\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9700\u8981\u5728\u7c7b\u5185\u58f0\u660e\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5728\u7c7b\u5916\u58f0\u660e\u4e00\u6b21\uff08\u4e0e\u666e\u901a\u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff09\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u90e8\u5206\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4f1a\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49
\n49.\u53ef\u53d8\u6570\u636e\u6210\u5458\uff1amutable\u4fee\u9970\u8bcd\u52a0\u5728\u6210\u5458\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u524d\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662fconst\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u8be5\u6210\u5458\u4fee\u6539
\n50.\u4f7f\u7528*this\u6307\u9488\u8fd4\u56de\u5bf9\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u4e3a\u8c03\u7528\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61<\/p>\n
#include<iostream>\n#include<string>\nusing namespace std;\nclass Screen {\/\/\u5c4f\u5e55\u7a97\u53e3\u6a21\u62df\u7c7b\npublic:\n    using pos = string::size_type;\n    \/\/\u56e0\u4e3a\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5fc5\u987b\u624b\u52a8\u9ed8\u8ba4\u65e0\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\n    Screen()=default;\n    Screen(pos ht,pos wd,char c):height(ht),width(wd),contents(ht*wd,c){}\n    \/\/\u83b7\u53d6\u5149\u6807\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\n    char get() const{return contents[cursor];}\n    \/\/\u83b7\u53d6\u6307\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\n    inline char get(pos ht,pos wd) const;\n    \/\/\u79fb\u52a8\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\n    Screen &move(pos r,pos c);\n    \/\/\u66f4\u6539\u5149\u6807\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5b57\u7b26\n    Screen &set(char);\n    \/\/\u66f4\u6539\u6307\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5b57\u7b26\n    Screen &set(pos,pos,char);\n    const Screen &display() const;\nprivate:\n    pos cursor=0;\n    pos height=0,width=0;\n    string contents;\n\n};\n\ninline Screen &Screen::move(pos r,pos c) {\n    pos row = r * width;\n    cursor = row + c;\n    return *this;\n}\nchar Screen::get(pos r,pos c) const {\n    pos row = r * width;\n    return contents[row + c];\n}\ninline Screen &Screen::set(char c) {\n    contents[cursor] = c;\n    return *this;\n}\ninline Screen &Screen::set(pos r,pos col,char ch) {\n    contents[r*width + col] = ch;\n    return *this;\n}\ninline const Screen &Screen::display() const {\/\/\u8fd4\u56de\u5e38\u5f15\u7528\n    cout<<contents<<endl;\n    return *this;\n}\nint main() {\n    screen myscreen;\n    myscreen.move(4,0).set('#');\n    cout<<myscreen.get(4,0)<<endl;\n    myscreen.display();\n    myscreen.display().set('#');\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u9519\u8bef\u8c03\u7528 **\u8fd9\u91cc\u505a\u4e86\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ed9string\u8d4b\u521d\u503c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u76f4\u63a5\u7528\u7d22\u5f15\u4fee\u6539\u503c *dev\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\uff0cx64\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5728\u4fee\u6539\u7d22\u5f1523576\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u4f4e\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7d22\u5f15\u4e0d\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519 *\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u7ba1\u600e\u4e48\u4fee\u6539\u503c\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u7684s\u503c\u59cb\u7ec8\u4e3a\u7a7a<\/p>\n
string s;\ns[0]="1" ;\ns[23575]="2";\ncout<<s<<endl;<\/code><\/pre>\n
51.\u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b\u5916\u7684\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u51fd\u6570 A::B A::F(C c){};\uff0cA\u4e3a\u7c7b\u540d\uff0cB\u4e3a\u7c7bA\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\uff0cF\u4e3a\u7c7b\u5916\u51fd\u6570\uff0cC\u4e5f\u4e3aA\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578bB\u548c\u51fd\u6570\u540dF\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528::\u8868\u660e\u5176\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7c7bA\uff0c\u4f46\u662fF\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u578bC\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u3002F\u58f0\u660e\u540e\uff0c\u5176\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u90e8\u6210\u5458\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u5185\uff0c\u6545\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6dfb\u52a0::\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9F\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u5916\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9700\u8981\u6dfb\u52a0::\u3002
\n52.\u7c7b\u4e2d\u6210\u5458\u4e3aconst\u6216\u5f15\u7528\u65f6\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u521d\u59cb\u5316\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5217\u8868\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6210\u5458\u63d0\u4f9b\u521d\u503c\u3002
\n53.\u4f7f\u7528\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5217\u8868\u4e3a\u6210\u5458\u8d4b\u521d\u503c\uff0c\u5982\uff1aX(val):j(val),i(j){}\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u6210\u5458\u65f6\u5148\u5b9a\u4e49i\u540e\u5b9a\u4e49j\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6309\u7167\u6210\u5458\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u987a\u5e8f\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u521d\u59cb\u5316\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5e94\u5c3d\u91cf\u907f\u514d\u4f7f\u7528\u6210\u5458\u76f8\u4e92\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u51fa\u73b0\u3002
\n54.\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u5176\u4ed6\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u59d4\u6258\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u4ee3\u7801\u91cf<\/p>\n
class Sales_data{\npublic:\n    Sales_data(string s,unsigned cnt,double price):\n        bookNo(s),units_sold(cnt),revenue(cnt*price){}\n    Sales_data():Sales_data("",0,0){}\n    Sales_data(string s):Sales_data(s,0,0){}\n    \/\/Sales(istream &id):Sales_data(){read(is,*this);}\nprivate:\n    unsigned units_sold;\n    string bookNo;\n    double revenue;\n}; <\/code><\/pre>\n
55.\u4f7f\u7528explicit\u7981\u6b62\u9690\u5f0f\u8c03\u7528\u5355\u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u7684\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\u7684\u597d\u5904\u662f\u589e\u52a0\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u53ef\u9605\u8bfb\u6027<\/p>\n
class Sales_data{\npublic:\n    explicit Sales_data(double price):revenue(price){}\nprivate:\n    double revenue;\n};<\/code><\/pre>\n
56.\u805a\u5408\u7c7b\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a
\n(1)\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u5747\u4e3apublic
\n(2)\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9a\u4e49\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570
\n(3)\u6ca1\u6709\u7c7b\u5185\u521d\u59cb\u503c
\n(4)\u6ca1\u6709\u57fa\u7c7b\u548c\u865a\u51fd\u6570
\n\u805a\u5408\u7c7b\u53ef\u4f7f\u7528\u82b1\u62ec\u53f7\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u4f46\u987a\u5e8f\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u548c\u7c7b\u5185\u5b9a\u4e49\u987a\u5e8f\u76f8\u540c\uff1a<\/p>\n
struct Data{\n    int a;\n    string s;\n};\nData d={0,\u201dhello\u201d};<\/code><\/pre>\n
57.\u4e3a\u7c7b\u7684\u6210\u5458\u6216\u51fd\u6570\u6dfb\u52a0\u5173\u952e\u8bcdstatic\u4f7f\u5f97\u8be5\u6210\u5458\u6216\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u88ab\u5168\u5c40\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u5728\u7c7b\u5916\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5219\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u5728\u7c7b\u5185\u58f0\u660e\u65f6\u6dfb\u52a0static\uff0c\u7c7b\u5916\u4e0d\u6dfb\u52a0static
\n58.IO\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u62f7\u8d1d\u548c\u8d4b\u503c\uff0c\u4f20\u9012\u548c\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u4e0d\u80fd\u662fconst
\n59.C++\u4e2dSTL\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u5bb9\u5668\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u652f\u6301\u8d4b\u503c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46array\u7684\u8d4b\u503c\u8981\u6c42\u4e24\u8fb9\u5fc5\u987b\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7c7b\u578b<\/p>\n
vector<int> v={1,2,3};\/\/\u6b63\u786e\nv={1,2);\/\/\u6b63\u786e\narray<int,3> a={0}\/\/\u6b63\u786e;\n\/\/a={0}\/\/\u9519\u8bef;\n\/\/ \u8d4b\u503c\u64cd\u4f5c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4f7f\u7528assign\nlist<string> names;\nvector<const char*> oldstyle;\n\/\/names=oldstyle;\/\/\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5bb9\u5668\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0d\u5339\u914d\nnames.assign(oldstyle.cbegin(),oldstyle.cend()); <\/code><\/pre>\n
60.\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u5bb9\u5668\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u64cd\u4f5c\u4f7f\u7528swap\u3002\u9664string\u5916\uff0cswap\u540e\u6307\u9488\u5747\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5931\u6548\uff1b\u9664array\u5916\uff0cswap\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5bb9\u5668\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u503c\u771f\u6b63\u4ea4\u6362\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5swap\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u5e38\u6570\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u3002
\n61.\u987a\u5e8f\u5bb9\u5668\u5728\u904d\u5386\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u63d2\u5165\u548c\u5220\u9664\u5e94\u6ce8\u610f\u6307\u9488\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff08\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u4fdd\u5b58\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528end()\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4ee3\u7801\u4ea7\u751f\u6b7b\u5faa\u73af\uff09<\/p>\n
vector<int> v={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};\nauto iter=v.begin();\nwhile(iter!=v.end()){\n    if(*iter%2){\/\/\u5947\u6570\n        v.insert(iter,*iter);\/\/\u539f\u4f4d\u7f6e\u63d2\u5165\n        iter+=2;\/\/\u8df3\u8fc7\u5f53\u524d\u63d2\u5165\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4ee5\u53ca\u540e\u79fb\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u4f4d\u7f6e\n    }else{\/\/\u5076\u6570\n        v.erase(iter);\/\/\u5220\u9664\u540e\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6539\u53d8\u6307\u9488\u4f4d\u7f6e\n    }\n} <\/code><\/pre>\n
62.vector\u548cstring\u5728\u65b0\u63d2\u5165\u5143\u7d20\u5bfc\u81f4\u9884\u5206\u914d\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0d\u8db3\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u7533\u8bf7\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u4e00\u7247\u5185\u5b58\u533a\u57df\uff08\u6bd4\u63d2\u5165\u5143\u7d20\u540e\u603b\u5360\u7528\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fd8\u8981\u5927\uff09\uff0c\u628a\u6240\u6709\u5143\u7d20\u62f7\u8d1d\u5230\u65b0\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u533a\u57df\u3002C++\u8fd8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ba1\u7406\u5bb9\u5668vector\u548csring\u7684\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570
\nshrink_to_fit() \u5c06\u5bb9\u5668\u7684\u5bb9\u91cf\u8c03\u6574\u5230\u548c\u5bb9\u5668size\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5927\u5c0f
\ncapacity() \u5f97\u5230\u5bb9\u5668\u76ee\u524d\u53ef\u4fdd\u5b58\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5143\u7d20\u4e2a\u6570
\nreserve(n) \u5206\u914d\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e3a\u81f3\u5c11\u5bb9\u7eb3n\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u5927\u5c0f
\n63.\u53ea\u8bfb\u7b97\u6cd5accumulate(begin,end,type)\uff0c\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u6839\u636etype\uff0c\u4ecebegin\u5230end\u6267\u884c\u7d2f\u52a0\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5982\u679ctype\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u2019+\u2019\u64cd\u4f5c\u5219\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n
vector<string> v={"1","2","3"};\ncout<<accumulate(v.begin(),v.end(),""); \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef\ncout<<accumulate(v.begin(),v.end(),string("")); \/\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u6b63\u786e<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u53ea\u8bfb\u7b97\u6cd5equal(begin1,end1,begin2)\uff0c\u4ece\u5bb9\u56681\u7684begin\u5230end\uff0c\u548c\u5bb9\u56682\u7684begin2\u5230begin2+end1-begin1\uff0c\u5143\u7d20\u6bd4\u8f83\u662f\u5426\u76f8\u7b49\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u2019==\u2019\u6765\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u82e5\u5bb9\u56682\u957f\u5ea6\u4e0d\u8db3\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u610f\u5916\u9519\u8bef
\n64.\u5199\u7b97\u6cd5fill(begin,end,value)\uff0c\u5c06begin\u5230end\u7684\u6240\u6709\u503c\u91cd\u7f6e\u4e3avalue\uff0cfill\u4e0d\u68c0\u67e5\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a3\u7684\u5bb9\u5668\u4f7f\u7528fill\u4fee\u653910\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u503c\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u7f16\u8bd1\u4f46\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\u4e25\u91cd\u9519\u8bef\u3002
\n\u5199\u7b97\u6cd5back_inserter(container)\uff0c\u5411\u5bb9\u5668\u5199\u5165\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5e94\u5bb9\u5668\u7684\u5c3e\u90e8\u6307\u9488<\/p>\n
vector<int> v;\nback_inserter(v)=42;<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u5199\u7b97\u6cd5copy\uff0c\u4e0eeuqal\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u529f\u80fd\u4e3a\u5c06\u5bb9\u56681\u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u5143\u7d20\u62f7\u8d1d\u5230\u5bb9\u56682\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u5bf9\u5bb9\u56682\u6709\u957f\u5ea6\u8981\u6c42\u3002
\n\u5199\u7b97\u6cd5replace(begin,end,val1,val2)\uff0c\u5c06begin\u5230end\u7684\u6240\u6709\u503c\u4e3aval1\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a\u503c\u4e3aval2
\n\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u4fdd\u7559\u539f\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u5c06\u66ff\u6362\u540e\u7684\u65b0\u5e8f\u5217\u5b58\u5165\u5176\u4ed6\u5bb9\u5668\uff0c\u53ef\u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n
replace_copy(begin,end,back_inserter(container),val1,val2)<\/code><\/pre>\n
65.\u91cd\u6392\u7b97\u6cd5sort(begin,end)\u4ecebegin\u6309\u7167\u2019<\u2019\u6392\u5e8f
\nunique\u5c06\u975e\u91cd\u590d\u5143\u7d20\u6392\u5217\u5230\u5bb9\u5668\u9996\u90e8\uff0c\u91cd\u590d\u503c\u6392\u5230\u5c3e\u90e8\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u4e3a\u91cd\u590d\u503c\u5f00\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u6307\u9488<\/p>\n
vector<int> v={1,3,5,7,9,2,3,5,4,6,8};\nsort(v.begin(),v.end());\nauto end_unique=unique(v.begin(),v.end());\nv.erase(end_unique,v.end());\nfor(auto i : v){\n    cout<<i<<endl; \n} \/\/ \u8f93\u51fa1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9<\/code><\/pre>\n
66.\u4f7f\u7528\u5b9a\u5236\u64cd\u4f5c\u4fee\u6539\u5404\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u8fd0\u7b97\u89c4\u5219
\n\u6839\u636estring\u957f\u5ea6\u5bf9vector\u6392\u5e8f:<\/p>\n
bool isShorter(const string &a,const string &b){\n    return a.size()<b.size(); \n}\nint main(int argc,char **argv) {\n    vector<string>\n    v={"aaa","bb","c"};\n    sort(v.begin(),v.end());\n    for(auto i : v){\n        cout<<i>>endl; \/\/ \u8f93\u51faaaa="" bb="" c=""\n    cout<<"my="" rule:">>endl;\n    sort(v.begin(),v.end(),isshorter) \/\/\u8f93\u51fac="" aaa="" \n    return 0; <\/code><\/pre>\n
\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u8981\u4f7f\u5f97\u76f8\u540c\u957f\u5ea6\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u4ecd\u6309\u7167\u5b57\u5178\u5e8f\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u53ef\u5c06sort\u66ff\u6362\u6210stable_sort
\n67.C++\u7684lambda\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e0epython\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8bed\u53e5\u7565\u957f\uff0c\u5982\u5c06\u4e0a\u9762\u7684isShorter\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u6210lambda\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f:<\/p>\n
vector<string> v={"aaa","bb","c"};\nauto isShorter=[](const string &a,const string &b){return a.size()<b.size();}; sort(v.begin(),v.end(),isshorter);\n\/\/ lambda\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u5728[]\u5c06\u8be5\u53d8\u91cf\u6355\u83b7\nauto f = [sz](const string &a){return a.size()>=sz;};<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u6ce8\u610f\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u67d0\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u6ca1\u6709\u62f7\u8d1d\u529f\u80fd\uff08\u5982ostream\uff09\uff0c\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u5f15\u7528
\n\u591a\u4e2a\u503c\u6355\u83b7\u65f6\uff0c\u5148\u58f0\u660e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6355\u83b7\u5f62\u5f0f\u2019=\u2019(\u503c\u6355\u83b7)\u2019&\u2019(\u5f15\u7528\u6355\u83b7)\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u6355\u83b7\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5982[=,&os]\u548c[&,c]
\n\u60f3\u8981\u6539\u53d8\u6355\u83b7\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u5173\u952e\u5b57mutable<\/p>\n
[v]() mutable {return ++v;};<\/code><\/pre>\n
lambda\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u542b\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u8bed\u53e5\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u4e3avoid\uff0c\u60f3\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4f7f\u7528\u5c3e\u7f6e\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b<\/p>\n
[](int i){return i<0?i:-i;};\/\/\u5408\u6cd5\n[](int i){if(i<0) return i;else return -i;};\/\/\u4e0d\u5408\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u503cint\u548cvoid\u4e0d\u5339\u914d\n[](int i) -> int {if(i<0) return i; else return -i;};\/\/\u5408\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u5c3e\u7f6e\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u4f7f\u7528for_each\u914d\u5408lambda\u7b80\u5316\u4ee3\u7801:<\/p>\n
vector<string> v={"aaa","bb","c"};\nfor_each(v.begin(),v.end(),[](const string & s){\n    cout<<s<<endl;\n});<\/code><\/pre>\n
68.\u51fd\u6570\u9002\u914d\u5668bind\uff0c\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5e76\u751f\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u6765\u9002\u5e94\u539f\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u3002bind\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728\u6807\u51c6\u5e93functional\u4e2d<\/p>\n
auto g = bind(f,a,b,_2,c,_1);\n\/\/g(X,Y)==>f(a,b,Y,c,X);<\/code><\/pre>\n
69.\u51fd\u6570ref(object)\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u3002\u51fd\u6570cref(object)\u8fd4\u56de\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684const\u5f15\u7528
\n70.pair(object1,object2)\u8868\u793a\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u5e94\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728\u5934\u6587\u4ef6utility\u4e2d\uff0cmap\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u662fpair\uff0cpair\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u662fpublic\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7first\u3001second\u8bbf\u95ee
\n71.set\u5bb9\u5668\u7684\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u662f\u53ea\u8bfb\u7684\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fee\u6539
\n72.\u5411map\u4e2d\u63d2\u5165\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528insert\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u6709\u51e0\u79cd\u6bd4\u8f83\u7b80\u4fbf\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f<\/p>\n
map[first]=second;\/\/\u5982\u679ckey\u503cfirst\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u5219\u66ff\u6362second\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u63d2\u5165\nmap.insert({first,second});\nmap.insert(make_pair(first,second));\n\/\/ insert\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2apair\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2apair\u7684first\u4e3a\u6307\u5411\u63d2\u5165\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u6307\u9488\uff0csecond\u4e3abool\uff0c\u63d2\u5165\u6210\u529f\u4e3atrue\u5426\u5219false\nmap<string,int> m;\nfor(int i=0;i<10;++i){\n    string first=to_string(i);\n    int second=i;\n    m.insert({first,second});\/\/\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u63d2\u5165\u65b9\u5f0f\n    auto k = m.insert(make_pair(first,second));\/\/\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u4f1a\u63d2\u5165\u5931\u8d25\n    if(!k.second) \n        ++k.first->second;\/\/\u5931\u8d25\u65f6\u5bf9second\u7d2f\u52a0\n}\/\/\u6b64\u65f6m\u4e2d\u5143\u7d20\u4e3a:{{0,1},{1,2},{2,3},{3,4}....}<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u5411map\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528erase(key_value)\uff0cerase\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u4e3aint\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u5220\u9664\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u4e2a\u6570
\n73.\u5728\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u7684multimap\u4e2d\u6309key\u67e5\u627e\u5143\u7d20\uff0clower_bound(key)\u8fd4\u56de\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u67e5\u627e\u5230\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0cupper_bound(key)\u8fd4\u56de\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u67e5\u627e\u5230\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u5c3e\u540e\u4f4d\u7f6e<\/p>\n
for(auto beg=m.lower_bound(key),end=m.upper_bound(key);beg!=end;++beg){\n    cout<<beg->second<<endl; \n}<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u6216\u8005\u4f7f\u7528equal_range(key)\uff0c\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2apair\uff0cfirst\u4e3alower_upper(key)\uff0csecond\u4e3aupper_bound(key)
\n74.map\u548cset\u90fd\u662f\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6309\u7167key\u5b57\u5178\u5e8f\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\uff0cunordered_map\u548cunordered_set\u4e3a\u65e0\u5e8f\u5b58\u653e\u5143\u7d20\u3002map\u548cset\u5b58\u50a8\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3a\u5e73\u8861\u4e8c\u53c9\u6811\u548c\u7ea2\u9ed1\u6811\uff0c\u8bfb\u53d6\u901f\u5ea6\u8f83\u5feb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u63d2\u5165\u8f83\u9ebb\u70e6\uff1b\u800c\u65e0\u5e8f\u5bb9\u5668\u4f7f\u7528hash\u6876\u5b58\u653e\uff0c\u5bf9key\u505ahash\u540e\u5c06\u5bf9\u5e94pair\u5b58\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6876\u4e2d\uff0c\u67e5\u627e\u5143\u7d20\u65f6\u5148\u5bfb\u627e\u6876\uff0c\u518d\u53bb\u6876\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\u5143\u7d20<\/p>\n
c.bucket_count();\/\/\u5f53\u524d\u6876\u7684\u4e2a\u6570\nc.max_bucket_count();\/\/\u5bb9\u5668\u53ef\u5bb9\u7eb3\u7684\u6700\u5927\u6876\u6570\u91cf\nc.bucket_size(n);\/\/\u7b2cn\u4e2a\u6876\u4e2d\u5f53\u524d\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u5143\u7d20\nc.bucket(n);\/\/\u5143\u7d20n\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u54ea\u4e2a\u6876\u4e2d<\/code><\/pre>\n
75.\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a
\n(1)\u9759\u6001\u5185\u5b58\u5b58\u653e\u5c40\u90e8static\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u524d\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\u9500\u6bc1
\n(2)\u6808\u5185\u5b58\u5b58\u653e\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u975estatic\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5728\u5bf9\u5e94\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5757\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u624d\u5b58\u5728
\n(3)\u81ea\u7531\u7a7a\u95f4\uff08\u5806\uff09\u5b58\u50a8\u52a8\u6001\u5206\u914d\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u518d\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u663e\u5f0f\u9500\u6bc1
\n76.\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488\u7c7b\u578bshared_ptr\u3001unique_ptr\u3001weak_ptr\u3002shared_ptr\u8fd0\u884c\u591a\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\u6307\u5411\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1bunique_ptr\u72ec\u5360\u6307\u5411\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1bweak_ptr\u6307\u5411shared_ptr\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5f31\u5f15\u7528<\/p>\n
shared_ptr<string> p;\/\/\u6307\u5411string\u7684\u6307\u9488<\/code><\/pre>\n
make_shared\u51fd\u6570\u80fd\u591f\u4ea7\u751f\u6307\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684shared_ptr<\/p>\n
auto p = make_shared<string>(\u201cabc\u201d);\/\/p\u4e3ashared_ptr<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u5f53shared_ptr\u5173\u8054\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u589e\u52a0\u5f15\u7528\u3001\u62f7\u8d1d\u3001\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u65f6\uff0c\u5f15\u7528\u8ba1\u6570\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\uff1b\u5f53\u5f15\u7528\u51cf\u5c11\u3001\u66f4\u6539\u3001\u9500\u6bc1\u65f6\uff0c\u5f15\u7528\u8ba1\u6570\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\uff1b\u5f15\u7528\u8ba1\u6570\u4e3a0\u5219\u8be5\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f1a\u88ab\u81ea\u52a8\u91ca\u653e\u3002
\n77.\u4f7f\u7528\u5173\u952e\u5b57new\u8fdb\u884c\u52a8\u6001\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u5728\u7533\u8bf7\u5185\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4\u540e\uff0cnew\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5411\u8be5\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u76f4\u63a5\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u65b9\u5f0f\u6216\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6784\u9020\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08\u5706\u62ec\u53f7\uff09\u5bf9\u521d\u59cb\u503c\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n
string *s1 = new string;\/\/\u7a7a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\nstring *s2 = new string();\/\/\u7a7a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\nint *i1 = new int;\/\/\u968f\u673a\u503c\nint *i2 = new int();\/\/0<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u5f53\u5185\u5b58\u7528\u5c3d\u65f6\uff0cnew\u4f1a\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38bad_alloc\u3002\u4f7f\u7528new(nothrow)\u7ec4\u7ec7\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u6307\u9488\u3002
\n78.\u4f7f\u7528\u5173\u952e\u5b57delete\u5220\u9664\u5185\u5b58<\/p>\n
int *p(new int(42));\nauto q=p;\/\/\u6307\u9488q\u6307\u5411p\u6307\u5411\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\ndelete p;\/\/\u5220\u9664p\u6307\u5411\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\np= nullptr;\/\/p\u7ed1\u5b9a\u4e3a\u7a7a\nq=nullptr;\/\/\u66f4\u6539p\u5bf9q\u6ca1\u6709\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5bf9q\u66f4\u6539\u7ed1\u5b9a<\/code><\/pre>\n
79.\u6df7\u7528\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488\u548c\u666e\u901a\u6307\u9488\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e25\u91cd\u540e\u679c<\/p>\n
void process(shared_ptr<int> ptr){};\/\/\u5728process\u6267\u884c\u540e\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5c40\u90e8ptr\u4f1a\u88ab\u81ea\u52a8\u91ca\u653e\n    int *x(new int(1024));\/\/\u666e\u901a\u6307\u9488\n    process(x);\/\/\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c06\u666e\u901a\u6307\u9488\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488\n    process(shared_ptr<int>(x));\/\/\u8bed\u6cd5\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6267\u884c\u5b8c\u540ex\u5c06\u88ab\u91ca\u653e\n    int j=*x;\/\/\u9519\u8bef\uff0cx\u6307\u5411\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5df2\u88ab\u91ca\u653e<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u4f7f\u7528\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488\u5728\u906d\u9047\u5f02\u5e38\u65f6\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u672a\u88ab\u6355\u83b7\uff0c\u8be5\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f9d\u7136\u53ef\u88ab\u81ea\u52a8\u91ca\u653e\uff0c\u800c\u4f7f\u7528\u666e\u901a\u6307\u9488\u5728\u624b\u52a8\u91ca\u653e\u524d\u906d\u9047\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u8be5\u5bf9\u8c61\u5c06\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u91ca\u653e\u3002
\n80.\u4f7f\u7528reset\u66f4\u6539shared_ptr\u7684\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5bf9\u8c61<\/p>\n
if(!p.unique()) p.reset(new string(*p));\/\/p\u4e0d\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u503c\u7684\u62f7\u8d1d\n*p=newVal;\/\/\u66f4\u6539\u7ed1\u5b9a\u7684\u503c<\/code><\/pre>\n
81.shared_ptr\u7ed1\u5b9a\u7684\u4e0d\u662fnew\u5206\u914d\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u65f6\uff0c\u4f20\u9012\u4e00\u4e2a\u5220\u9664\u5668\u4f7f\u5f97\u6307\u9488\u5728\u9500\u6bc1\u65f6\u8c03\u7528\u5220\u9664\u5668\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b64\u65f6\u9500\u6bc1\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8c03\u7528delete<\/p>\n
void end_function(string &s){};\nshared_ptr<string> p(&s,end_function);\/\/end_function\u4e2d\u5b8c\u6210\u5bf9shared_ptr\u7684\u91ca\u653e<\/code><\/pre>\n
82.unique_ptr\u4e0d\u80fd\u62f7\u8d1d\u6216\u8d4b\u503c\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7release()\u548creset()\u8f6c\u79fb\u6240\u6709\u6743\u3002release\u5c06\u6307\u9488\u7f6e\u7a7a\uff0c\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u6307\u5411\u539f\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6307\u9488\uff1breset\u65f6\u82e5\u539f\u6307\u9488\u4e0d\u4e3a\u7a7a\uff0c\u5219\u5c06\u539f\u6307\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u91ca\u653e\u540e\u6307\u5411\u65b0\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61
\n83.weak_ptr\u6307\u5411\u7531shared_ptr\u6307\u5411\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4f46\u662fweak_ptr\u4e0d\u589e\u52a0\u5f15\u7528\u8ba1\u6570\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95eeweak_ptr\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u4e3a\u7a7a\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u63d0\u524d\u5224\u65ad
\n84.\u4f7f\u7528new\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u7ec4\u540e\uff0c\u7528delete []\u91ca\u653e\u5185\u5b58\u3002\u53ef\u4f7f\u7528unique_ptr\u7ba1\u7406\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u81ea\u52a8\u91ca\u653e\u5185\u5b58\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u4f7f\u7528shared_ptr\u7ba1\u7406\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5220\u9664\u5668
\n85.\u4f7f\u7528new\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u6570\u7ec4\u65f6\uff0c\u6dfb\u52a0()\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\u8fdb\u884c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u65f6\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7533\u8bf7\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5f53\u8be5\u53d8\u91cf\u4e3a0\u65f6\uff0c\u8bed\u6cd5\u4f9d\u7136\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8be5\u6307\u9488\u4e0d\u80fd\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u5c3e\u540e\u6307\u9488\u3002<\/p>\n
int *p1=new int[10];\/\/\u672a\u521d\u59cb\u5316\nint *p2=new int[10]();\/\/\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u4e3a0\nchar *p3=new char[0];\/\/p3\u65e0\u6cd5\u8c03\u7528<\/code><\/pre>\n
86.allocator\u89e3\u51b3new\u6d6a\u8d39\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5b83\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728memory\u5934\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5148\u5206\u914d\u539f\u59cb\u672a\u6784\u9020\u7684\u5185\u5b58\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u6784\u9020\u5185\u5b58\uff0c\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u9500\u6bc1\u5185\u5b58\u3002<\/p>\n
allocator<string> alloc;\nauto const p = alloc.allocate(n);\/\/\u5206\u914dn\u4e2astring\u5185\u5b58\nauto q=p;\/\/\u6307\u5411\u6700\u540e\u6784\u9020\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\nalloc.construct(q++);\/\/\u7a7a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\nalloc.construct(q++,10,\u2019c\u2019);\/\/cccccccccc\nalloc.construct(q++,\u201dhi\u201d);\/\/hi\ncout<<*p<<endl; \u8f93\u51fa\u7a7a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\ncout<<*q<<endl; \u6307\u5411\u672a\u6784\u9020\u7684\u5185\u5b58\uff0c\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\nwhile(p!=q)\n    alloc.destory(--q); \u4ece\u540e\u5411\u524d\u9500\u6bc1\nalloc.deallocate(p,n); \u5c06\u672a\u6784\u9020\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u8fd4\u8fd8\u7cfb\u7edf<\/code><\/pre>\n
87.\u62f7\u8d1d\u548c\u586b\u5145\u672a\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5185\u5b58<\/p>\n
vector<string> v={\u201c1\u201d,\u201d2\u201d};\nauto p=alloc.allocate(v.size()*2);\/\/\u5206\u914d\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e3av\u7684\u4e24\u500d\nauto q=uninitialized_copy(v.begin(),v.end(),p);\/\/\u62f7\u8d1d\u5143\u7d20\u7528\u4e8e\u6784\u9020\u5185\u5b58\nuninitialized_fill_n(q,v.size(),42);\/\/\u5269\u4f59\u5143\u7d20\u5168\u90e8\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u4e3a42\n\/\/Sales_data s=1.0;\/\/\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528explicit\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e48\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9605\u8bfb\u6027\u5927\u5927\u964d\u4f4e<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/code><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
1,454 Views\u91cd\u6e29C++\uff0c\u4ece\u7ecf\u5178\u4f5c\u5f00\u59cb\u770b\u8d77\uff0c\u8bb0\u5f55\u81ea\u5df1\u9047\u5230\u7684\u65b0\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u53ef\u80fd\u72af\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002 1.1\u5b57\u8282\u4e3a8bit […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[108],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-785","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-c-cpp"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.mrtblog.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/785","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.mrtblog.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.mrtblog.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.mrtblog.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.mrtblog.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=785"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"http:\/\/www.mrtblog.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/785\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":811,"href":"http:\/\/www.mrtblog.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/785\/revisions\/811"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.mrtblog.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=785"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.mrtblog.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=785"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.mrtblog.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=785"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}